All posts by Carmen Gomaro

Carmen Gomaro - leading international news and investigative reporter. Worked at various media outlets in Spain, Argentina and Colombia, including Diario de Cádiz, CNN+, Telemadrid and EFE.

Madame de Pompadour, the influential mistress of King Louis XV of France, liked to display it as her favorite colour; the first punk groups did not hesitate to use it to dye their shirts; and now a summer movie by filmmaker Greta Gerwig

Infrared Saturn, pictured by James Webb

The astronomer Rafael Bachiller reveals to us in this series the most spectacular phenomena of the Cosmos. Pulsating research topics, astronomical adventures and scientific news about the Universe analyzed in depth.

The James Webb Space Telescope has captured an infrared image of Saturn that shows us an unknown and surprising facet of the ringed giant.

high atmosphere

Among the many tasks that have been entrusted to the Webb telescope are observations of the planets of our solar system.. By working in the infrared, this telescope has already offered us unusual images, for example, of Jupiter with its auroras and of Uranus with its rings. Now it is Saturn's turn.

The image that has recently been made public has been taken in a monochromatic infrared filter centered at 3.23 microns of wavelength, characteristic of methane.. The planet's disk appears quite dark, indicating a high methane content in the upper atmosphere, a compound that absorbs this wavelength of light that the planet is receiving from the Sun.

The northern hemisphere of the planet appears somewhat brighter than the southern hemisphere due to the seasonal differences that one would expect: it is summer in the north, while the southern hemisphere is at the end of winter.. However, a deep darkness is observed at the north pole that is not known to what is due.

A clear brightening towards the limb is also observed, suggesting that, at very high altitudes, methane not only absorbs light, but also emits some radiation, very possibly due to a fluorescence phenomenon (re-emitted light after absorption).

What this infrared image does not show are the characteristic horizontal bands that are visible that are familiar to us from photographs taken in the optical domain.. Such stripes follow the lines of constant latitude of the planet and are due to cloudy areas in deep layers of the atmosphere.

rings

In the infrared image, Saturn's icy rings appear very bright, confirming that they do not have methane in their composition. The strong contrast between the rings and the dark disk is what gives the Webb image its unusual appearance.. Saturn has ten known rings, and in this image it is possible to observe fine details in the three main ones of the system (A, B and C). These three rings have a width of 275,000 kilometers (equivalent to three quarters of the Earth-Moon distance), the F ring is much thinner and paler, but it can also be seen very clearly in the new image.

Saturn's rings in the infrared NASA/ESA/CSA/JWST/Tiscareno et al.

The rings are formed by swarms of rocks and pieces of ice, these fragments have very different sizes: from a grain of sand to a terrestrial mountain. One of the most surprising characteristics of the rings is that they are extremely thin: their vertical thickness barely reaches one kilometer.. That is, if we consider the ratio of their thickness to their width, then in proportion the rings turn out to be much thinner than a razor blade.

The Cassini divide, which separates the A and B rings, is about 4,800 kilometers wide, while the Encke divide, an annular gap within the A ring, is only 325 kilometers wide.

moons

Three of Saturn's moons – Dione, Enceladus and Tethys – are also clearly visible on the left side of the new infrared image.. However, these are not the largest moons of the giant planet, the largest – Titan, Rhea and Iapetus – are not observable in this snapshot.. Let's remember that 83 moons are already known in Saturn

The same Webb telescope has recently been used to observe one of the most interesting of these moons: Enceladus, from whose south pole some immense geysers of water vapor emerge.. The results were published in Nature and the article can be consulted at this link. The plumes reach a height of about 10,000 kilometers above the surface of Enceladus, that is, about twenty times greater than the diameter of the moon.. Some of the material from these plumes feeds into Saturn's E ring.

Vapor plume on Enceladus NASA/ESA/CSA/JWST/G. villanueva

NASA announces that Webb has already taken deeper images of the entire Saturn system, including its moons and rings. Such images should show details of the fainter rings and smaller satellites.. So the images that we show here are only a small appetizer of what is to come.

Rafael Bachiller is director of the National Astronomical Observatory (National Geographic Institute) and academic of the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain.

Vitamin D, sunscreens and summer: a guide to not missing and absorbing an essential vitamin

We live in a country with an average of 2,500 hours of sunshine per year, but it is very likely that you or someone close to you have recently been told that you are deficient in vitamin D. And it is that a large part of the Spanish population has low levels of this essential vitamin, especially if we compare them with those of citizens of northern European countries.

According to experts, there are several reasons, but if you want to achieve good levels of vitamin D this summer without putting yourself at risk from solar radiation, I invite you to continue reading.

Why is vitamin D important?

It is a vitamin that directly influences the health of our bones, so low levels can cause serious health problems.. Its main function is to strengthen our bone structure and regulate the concentration of minerals in them, so we can say that it is essential to have healthy and strong bones.

Which has benefits?

Having adequate levels of vitamin D in the blood is essential for the health of our bones, but it is not its only function, although it is the main one.

It also helps strengthen our defense system, the immune system, serves to regulate the levels of phosphorus and calcium within our body, essential for good muscle contraction and the propagation of nerve impulses, and contributes to good skin health.

What are the consequences of a lack of this vitamin?

Recommended blood levels of vitamin D for the average adult are between 20 and 50 nanograms per milliliter.

A lack of this vitamin can cause osteoporosis and our bones end up like Gruyère cheese, osteomalacia and our bone structures become soft and deformed, bone and back pain, fatigue, worse wound healing…. or even cavities.

Last year several investigations were even published that link its deficiency with dementia or chronic inflammation.

Do sunscreens prevent us from synthesizing vitamin D?

At the moment there is no very clear and generally valid answer.

It had always been believed by various epidemiological studies that sunscreen prevented the synthesis of vitamin D, but in 2019 a study was published in the British Journal of Dermatology that refuted this statement.. They concluded that it is possible to use sunscreen to prevent sunburn and skin cancer without affecting vitamin D synthesis.. The problem is that the group of people who were the object of the study were light-skinned (phototype 2-3) and these individuals produce vitamin D more easily, and the protection factor used was very low, specifically SPF 15.

We would need new studies to be carried out with people of different phototypes and more protective sun creams in order to have an answer that serves the population in a general way.

How can we sunbathe to get this vitamin?

Just fifteen minutes of exposure to the sun on the face and arms, about three times a week, are enough for our body to synthesize vitamin D.

But that ultraviolet radiation from the sun is dangerous for our skin, so to minimize the risks as much as possible, we will have to do this brief exposure to the sun in order to get the vitamin before eleven in the morning or after six in the evening.. At these hours the UV index is lower but sufficient. And simply with that little outing to run an errand in the street first thing in the morning will be enough to synthesize it.

If we are going to sunbathe or expose ourselves to it outside of those hours or for more than those fifteen minutes, we must never forget the sun protection cream.

What parts of the body absorb vitamin D best?

The face, arms and legs. Type B ultraviolet radiation from the sun is what allows us to transform the dehydrocholesterol in our skin into that vitamin D. Once synthesized, our body will store it in the liver and in fatty tissues to use it as needed.

Vitamin D and diet

It is estimated that around 85% of the synthesis of this vitamin will come from our exposure to the sun, but the remaining 15% comes from an adequate and varied diet.

Some of the foods that provide us with this vitamin D are eggs, fatty fish such as sardines, salmon or tuna, or fortified foods such as milk, cereals or yogurt.

Pogacar says goodbye to the Tour de Vingegaard with a rage triumph in Le Markstein

Tadej Pogacar shouted, his fists clenched, finally some happiness after days of agony, of seeking and not finding explanations for his lost Tour. A victory at Le Markstein, the 11th of his career at the age of 24. A cry of rage at the finish line in the Vosges, the podium for the teammate assured, goal of the day accomplished, even though the real one, the one that matters, lost it resoundingly in the middle of the week with that imperturbable guy that is Jonas Vingegaard, vigilant to the last meter even though he had everything well tied up, his second consecutive Tour, a place in history. [Narration and ratings]

In that sprint in Le Makrstein were the recovered forces, but also the liberation from so much frustration. The Slovenian prevailed without too many problems, there is no one like him with that punch, ahead of Felix Gall and Vingegaard himself, who could hardly oppose. Behind, the Yates brothers, Adam securing third place overall and Simon storming fourth from an injured and suffering Carlos Rodríguez, who reached 50 seconds and finished his first Tour fifth, with the victory in Morzine forever.. Sixth and also a stage winner, another one that deserves applause, a whole Pello Bilbao to the end.

It turned out to be a stage of keeping what was obtained for three weeks before attempting feats, ambitions already as exhausted as energies. A day marked by the last dance of Thibaut Pinot, by the early fall of Carlos Rodríguez and by Pogacar's only attack in Platzerwasel, 5.5 from the top, although without solution of continuity. Once traced by Vingegaard, they played tactically, without conceding a relief to the Dane, this time to the expectation of the Slovenian.

It had been a completely frantic stage start. Nobody wanted to be absent from the last party of the Tour, despite the forces at the limit, a true gymkhana in just over 130 kilometers through the Vosges. At dawn from Belfort, Vingegaard could well be seen in the group of escapees, arousing the suspicions of the rest. Or Giulio Ciccone collecting points for his mountain jersey. He was going to achieve it mathematically in the fourth level, the Col de la Schlucht and he celebrated it like this, with arms raised as if he had won a stage. The last Italian to finish with the red dotted jersey was Franco Pellizotti in 2009, before Chiappucchi in 1992.

Thibaut Pinot also monopolized the spotlight, the last propitious stage in the career of one of the most charismatic cyclists in the peloton, receiving all the deserved tributes in the mountains where he grew up and where he has his farm in Melisey. A guy who carried the weight of a nation on his shoulders, capable of acknowledging that he puts his popularity above his talent, of pronouncing: “I wish I had less love and more victories.”

But not all were joys. Carlos Rodríguez and Sepp Kuss were involved in a fall at kilometer 33, in a curve of the descent of the Ballon d'Alsace, both soon reinstated but with visible injuries on their bodies and faces. It was going to be too much for the Spaniard, who nevertheless never gave up even though he saw how soon the chances of getting back on the podium vanished, even the other Yates slipped away from him.

The escapees, who never enjoyed a notable advantage, soon found themselves caught up in Pogacar's impetus. Felix Gall took the initiative with the two colossi again testing each other and the Yates brothers finished their work masterfully.

Rafa Muñoz: "They said he was a storyteller and lazy, but he had depression"

Rafa Muñoz appears for the Canoe in Madrid or for the Club Mediterráneo in Málaga or for La Venatoria in León and explains to the kids the tricks of swimming with a butterfly. It is done like this. It's done that way. A clinic, wow. “And I notice that, later, in the locker room, they search for me on Google. When they go out they bring another face. They are usually prudent, but they ask me many, many questions,” explains Muñoz in conversation with EL MUNDO before the Fukuoka Swimming World Cup whose races begin this Sunday. How not to ask him questions. At the age of 21, in 2009, he was the world record holder in the 50-meter butterfly swimming alongside Michael Phelps, at 22 and 24 he was European champion and at the age of 28, in 2016, he left it. He had overcome a depression, two suicide attempts, an addiction to alcohol, but he ended up fed up, fed up with the Federation, with the lack of aid, with the gossip.

Have you swum again? The truth is that yes. I went years without doing it. But the clinics have helped me remember who I was, to remember the smell of chlorine. I practice crossfit and now with my boxing mates I sometimes go to the pool. I throw myself to soak, I do 1,000 or 1,200 meters, and I feel like a motherfucker, the truth. I would not compete again, but I maintain the technique, the sensations, the efficiency. What have you done after you retired? I was competing for a year for the National Police, but I had to quit. I started working at Decathlon, I spent five years there, I grew a lot in the company and then I looked for an alternative, because I wanted other things. Now I am responsible for logistics at Etenon Fitness. I work like any mortal and I live with my family in Barcelona. Excuse the intimacy: Are you happy today? What is happiness? It's hard to define, but I would say yes.. In my current life, like when I was swimming, I have great satisfaction and I also have brown. I think people have the feeling that I always suffered swimming, but I was happy. Most of my swimming career I was happy. Now I have internalized what happened to me, I have learned and I try to extrapolate it to my current life. Depression either kills you or you kill it. There are people who commit suicide and people who come out with a lot learned. What did you learn? That I lived it all at once, very young, success, fame, I became very saturated. With the world record the depression began and then I caught it very close. To be honest, I didn't catch it in time, I caught it very close. I treated myself with my psychologist, José Carlos Jaenes, and I have not had any relapse. I'm super proud to have maintained myself ever since. Did that saturation lead you to withdraw years later? No, it had nothing to do with it. I went through a depression, recovered, came back, was European champion in 2010 and then my career sank. I retired for the Federation, because they never trusted me. They always said that he was a storyteller, that he was lazy, that he was a complainer and that he had gone through a depression. Now we are learning about these issues, about mental health, but there is still a long way to go. There was a technical director, Luis Villanueva, who did what he wanted and who is still there. The 2012 Games upset me a lot and I already thought about leaving it, but I endured a little longer. Now that's my little thorn, not having gotten that Olympic medal. Over time, did you know how to deal with fame? Fame came and went with the results. I took it better and I took it worse, I was up and down, but what really exhausted me, over the years, was that fight with the Federation. That lack of trust, that lack of help. That's why I retired so young. A few months after his world record, in early 2010, they banned the use of plastic swimsuits. Did it hurt you? Not especially. I was European champion after the ban. There had never been technology in swimming and, suddenly, there was a boom, we broke 100 world records in a year and they decided to cut their losses.. There was a lot of pressure from the media and also economically, because those records had to be paid. Now, 14 years later, swimsuits are just as technological as they were then.. It is normal, in Formula 1 they have invented the DRS, on motorcycles, the spoilers…. The problem is that swimming came suddenly. Seen with perspective, was it a mistake to drop out and throw yourself into swimming? I don't know what to tell you. I wasn't a good student either, I was always a go-getter. I threw myself into swimming 200% because it is what I knew how to do almost perfectly, what I liked, what gave me money. I saw it as my way of life from a very young age. I have always thought that I should have taken more care of my studies, but if I had done so, perhaps I would not have been a good swimmer. Did you have any financial problems? I did not earn like a footballer, far from it, but if you rub elbows at a certain level, even in swimming, you can live well. I was always a saver and I retired with a certain cushion, I had no problems. They say that now he is going to compete in crossfit. They propose it to me, yes, but I don't see it at all. I am very competitive and if I sign up for something, I would not leave the box, I would always be preparing myself. Crossfit amuses me for the social part, for training in a group. It is completely different from swimming. In fact, there is nothing like swimming. In athletics, you go jogging with people, in cycling, with the group. In swimming, when you put your head under the water, you are very alone. When you're good, you're the best, you break the corduroy. But when you're bad… You can't stop thinking that everything is fucking shit. You try to cheer up and it's impossible. It is a very tough sport mentally.

Spain modernizes its swimming with the relay: "We worked like in the 80s, now everything makes sense"

If it can't be one for all, let it at least be all for one. With the decline of Mireia Belmonte, there is a lack of references and the only candidate, Hugo González, struggles among the doubts he left in the last Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. It is possible that Spain will leave again without medals from the Fukuoka Swimming World Cup that begins this Sunday: it has not won one since 2017. For this reason, the Spanish Federation has changed course.

The objective is no longer to lift up a star and give it what it needs, as was done with Belmonte. The plan is to build a middle class of 10, 15 or 20 swimmers capable of qualifying for the important events and, from there, who knows?. To do this, last year he signed the British coach Ben Titley, who had just been technical director in Canada, and set his eyes beyond the horizon: a podium at the Los Angeles 2028 Games is the desired success.

“When Ben arrived he changed the focus. In individual events we are far from the world top and, therefore, his first decision was to promote the relay. Years ago we already saw that we were there to compete in teams and we were not given this opportunity,” explains César Castro, one of the members of the 4×100 freestyle relay to EL MUNDO, who was the only happy team in the last European Championship.. National record and fourth place, a surprise. This Sunday at the World Cup, the dream is to enter the final and compete against the United States, Australia, Italy or Hungary. Qualifying for the 2024 Paris Games seems impossible because they would have to get on the podium, but being close would already be a step forward.

“Young people are far from individual medals, but anything can happen in the relay. We are grateful for the trust and we want to respond,” says Castro, who shares the relief with Sergio de Celis, Luis Domínguez and Mario Mollà. Thanks to the commitment to the teams, Spain has brought 22 swimmers to Fukuoka, a very high number, not seen since the 1986 World Cup in Madrid. In the last three championships, in fact, the team had not reached 10 members.

What else has Titley changed? work differently. Until now, in Spain the philosophy was to put a lot of volume, many kilometers. It was an idea from the 80s. The more you train the better and it really isn't like that. That's why we had good results in World Cups and Junior Europeans, but in the long run we didn't get there, we got injured, there were people who left. Now Ben has adapted the methods to the times, to what is done in other countries. They say that the British technician is a scholar. You have to be in the day to day to see it. How do you plan before training, how do you control the details…. It pushes you to train better than you thought and, at the same time, it quickly adjusts to what we swimmers need.. In Spain we have never had a coach like this. One step away from retiring

Castro is a good example of the sacrifices required by swimming. At the age of 14, he left Plasencia to train as an interim in Cáceres and then moved to Madrid, Gijón and recently to the CAR in Sant Cugat, always looking for the best method.. Long-distance runner as a teenager, a serious shoulder injury forced him to retrain as a sprinter and two years ago he suffered the hardest setback. For a few days he was classified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, but a modification of the selection criteria left him out.

“I lost motivation, I spent weeks without training. With my coach and my psychologist I made the decision to temporarily stop swimming to see if I really wanted to continue swimming. I tried boxing, I even forgot about the water. But then there came a time when I wanted to go back”, says the swimmer who studies Marketing at the UCAM in Murcia and who, at the moment, does not take calls from American universities. Now it is part of the new plan for Spanish swimming. If it cannot be one for all, at least it is all for one.

Carlos Rodríguez, a broken radio, a final ordeal and a promise: "I will return to do better"

His first Tour will be one to remember, the outcome doesn't matter. Carlos Rodríguez raising his arms solo Morzine, ahead of Jonas Vingegaard and Tadej Pogacar; Carlos Rodríguez storming the podium, Carlos Rodríguez suffering in the Alps, Carlos Rodríguez fallen and injured resisting in Le Markstein, saying goodbye to third place and even to fourth with the honor and respect that a race that will hear about him again deserves. 22 years, a thousand lessons for the boy from Almuñécar. The last yesterday, where fate awaited him, the kind that must be overcome so many times in the cruel Grande Boucle.

To know more
Tour de France. Pogacar says goodbye with a triumph of rage in Le Markstein

Pogacar says goodbye with a triumph of rage in Le Markstein

To know more
Tour de France. The privileged mind of Carlos Rodríguez, the Spaniard who excites on the Tour: “He has the mentality of an engineer”

The privileged mind of Carlos Rodríguez, the Spaniard who excites on the Tour: “He has the mentality of an engineer”

If because of his engineer's mind he missed one last day to attack, speed up the assault on the lost podium in Courchevel, worry the Yates brothers, soon everything was ruined for Carlos. In a fast left-hand curve, when the firecrackers of an electric day were already sounding ahead, his bike went off and Sepp Kuss ran over him at high speed. It could be worst. The Spaniard, bleeding from his knee, elbow and visibly from his left eyebrow, plasma running down his cheek, soon rejoined the group helped by Omar Fraile.

He later described it with a calm unbecoming of a rookie: «I had bad luck in the descent. I don't know what happened to the front wheel. A spoke has broken, the wheel was off center and in a curve it went away». What's more, at the end of the day, the INEOS man was penalized for going back in the car at the time of reintegration into the main squad. Despite the 20 seconds imposed by the organization, he continues to lead Pello Bilbao by another 10 for fifth place.

Everything already twisted, in the first arreón of Pogacar began an ordeal that was not going to defeat him. While Simon and Adam did the work of brothers against him and even Pello Bilbao was ahead of him, Rodríguez found a little encouragement in Tom Pidcock, always on his own, and then emptied himself to the finish line. «The colleagues have been 10, they have supported me in everything. Thank you very much to Omar and Tom in particular”, pronounced the man from Granada, who said goodbye with a message that speaks of his ambition, of his promises for the future: “I have given the best I had, but it has not been enough. I have to be happy that I left everything. We will come back and try to do better ».

Rodríguez was the great name of the general classification of a Tour that was reconciled with Spanish cycling, despite the hardships of Movistar, touched from the beginning with the fall and abandonment of Enric Mas. There Pello Bilbao stood out especially, finally sixth and with the brilliance of the Issoire stage, five years after that of Omar Fraile. From less to more after not excelling at the start in the Basque Country where so much was expected, “enjoying” this Saturday the “best overall” of his career. «I have had better feelings than ever. It has been a great fight, three super intense weeks, to the limit. He did not come to fight for the general and that has been the best way to face it, “he said.

A Ukrainian attack in Crimea prompts a new evacuation of the population

The Crimean peninsula, occupied by Russia, has suffered explosions in an ammunition depot after an attack by Ukrainian drones. The occupying authorities decided to evacuate the residents within a radius of five kilometers around the “emergency site”.

As confirmed by the head of Crimea, Sergei Aksionov, a Ukrainian drone attacked an ammunition depot in the Krasnogvardeisky district of the peninsula.. The ammunition detonated, blowing up part of the facilities. The Armed Forces of Ukraine announced for their part the destruction of a fuel depot and warehouses of the Russian army in Crimea.

“According to preliminary data, there are no victims. The decision was made to evacuate the population within a radius of five kilometers from the place of emergency to the temporary accommodation centers. To minimize the risks, it was also decided to suspend traffic on the Crimean railway,” reports Aksionov.. Shortly before Aksionov's message, it was learned that the Crimean bridge had been closed, although it reopened shortly after..

On the 19th, a fire at a Russian base in Crimea forced the evacuation of 2,000 people.

Local Telegram channels have posted videos showing columns of rising smoke and sounds of explosions.. Oleg Kryuchkov, adviser to the head of the administration of the annexed Crimea, called on “everyone who knows the authors of these videos to report these people to the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the FSB” and called the videos taken “work for the enemy.”

BOMBS IN BELGOROD

For his part, the governor of the Russian region of Belgorod, bordering Ukraine, stated that the Ukrainian Armed Forces bombarded the region with cluster munitions.. According to Vyacheslav Gladkov, on July 21, the Ukrainian army fired 21 artillery shells and three cluster bombs into the village of Zhuravlevka. In addition, the town was attacked with a kamikaze drone and grenade launchers. There were no casualties or damage, according to Gladkov.

Entities such as Human Rights Watch have previously stated that both Russian and Russian-made cluster munitions were used by both the Russians and the Ukrainians.

The Washington Post reported on July 20 that the Ukrainian Armed Forces have already begun using cluster munitions transferred from the United States. Later this information was confirmed in the White House.

In 2008, more than 100 countries signed a convention banning the use of cluster munitions. Ukraine, the United States and Russia are not among them. But kyiv had assured the United States that it would not attack Russian territory with cluster bombs.