On the map, beyond Turkey, further east, there is Armenia and a little further, Azerbaijan. Between these last two countries stands Upper Karabakh or Nagorno Karabakh, a conflictive region belonging, de jure, to Azerbaijan but controlled de facto for the most part by the government of Artsakh, that is, by the separatists of Nagorno Karabakh.
They have been at war since 1988. Azerbaijan launched a military operation against the self-proclaimed republic last Tuesday, but suspended it on Wednesday after the authorities of the separatist territory accepted a ceasefire proposal made by Russia.. Just a few hours, but according to human rights officials cited by Reuters, 200 people died and another 400 were injured.
Artsakh, between Armenia and Azerbaijan
Artsakh, officially called the Republic of Artsakh or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, controls part of the region. But those territories, close to the border with Armenia, are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan military in Nagorno Karabakh, in an archive image. AZERBAIJAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE / EUROPA PRESS
The borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan were already the subject of controversy when both countries gained independence from the Russian Empire in 1918, particularly Nagorno-Karabakh, an area of great ethnic diversity.. Although both states later became part of the Soviet Union, the controversy continued. In practice, the Nagorno-Karabakh area remained within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic since 1923.
Why does Artsakh want independence?
We are facing a conflict of ethnic origin. The population of Nagorno-Karabakh is almost entirely made up of Armenians: today there are about 120,000. That is why they have sought their independence. But the population of Azeri origin accuses the independence supporters of having been expelled.
When the USSR dissolved in the late 1980s, the conflict arose again. The controversy between Armenia and Azerbaijan was still there. On December 10, 1991, the region's ethnic Armenian population self-proclaimed the territory as an independent republic, with the capital in Stepanakert.. As a consequence, between 1991 and 1994 Armenia and Azerbaijan faced each other in the Nagorno-Karabakh war.
Declaration of independence and war
After the armed confrontation, the Republic of Artsakh controlled a large majority of the territory of the former Soviet autonomous oblast along with an important part of the surrounding regions in Azerbaijan territory that were not in dispute.
Funeral in Baku, Azerbaijan, for an Azerbaijani soldier killed during clashes with the Armenian army. ROMAN ISMAYILOV / EFE
For three decades there were multiple violations of the ceasefire by Azerbaijan, the most serious being the clashes in 2016 and July 2020.. That year the tensions increased, ending in the second Nagorno-Karabakh war.
It took place between September 27 and November 10 of that year. A humanitarian ceasefire was agreed in October. Armenia and Azerbaijan accused each other of shelling civilian settlements before the ceasefire, and both sides denied the other's accusations.
As a former “colonial” power, Putin's Russia has attempted to mediate the conflict. On November 9, 2020, following the capture of Shusha, the second largest city in Artsakh before the war, the president of Azerbaijan, the prime minister of Armenia and the Russian president signed a ceasefire agreement, ending all hostilities. The president of Artsakh accepted the agreement.
Armenia signs a “painful” peace agreement with Russia and Azerbaijan EFE
On December 15, 2020, after several weeks of ceasefire, the parties finally exchanged prisoners. This second war had been won by Azerbaijan, which recovered a large part of the territories, reducing Artsakh to the immediate surroundings of the capital and some other cities.
Blockade and humanitarian crisis
To access the rebel territory, the Lachín corridor was created, the only road that connects the enclave with Armenia.. Its supervision has been the work of the Russian Army on a peace mission. But it only worked for two years.. In December 2022, Azerbaijan-backed activists blocked the corridor. The blockade, which lasted 9 months, increased tensions, the number of skirmishes and caused a humanitarian crisis in the region.
Last Tuesday, Azerbaijan began what it called an “anti-terrorist” campaign against separatist forces.. He justified it by the death of six people in the explosion of several mines placed by alleged Armenian “saboteurs”. The cessation of hostilities came 24 hours after the Azerbaijani military began bombing Nagorno-Karabakh in order to restore what Azerbaijan calls “constitutional order.”
Azeris celebrate in Baku the capture by Azerbaijan of the city of Shushi, or Shusha, in Nagorno-Karabakh. ROMAN ISMAYILOV / EFE
A lightning victory was followed by a ceasefire proposal made by Russian peacekeepers. The balance, at least 200 dead and 400 injured. Among the dead are at least ten civilians and among them, five children. Among the injured, 40 civilians were injured.. Azerbaijan hopes that the territory will come under its authority.
Who recognizes the rebellious republic?
The Republic of Artsakh has been barely recognized. The territory claimed by Azerbaijan is supported by three unrecognized states: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.. The autonomous government is supported by Armenia, but is not officially recognized by this country or any other.
Several nations and the United Nations have strongly condemned the conflict and called on both sides to reduce tensions and resume negotiations for a lasting peace. Countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Türkiye have expressed their support for Azerbaijan. The latter has provided extensive military support to the Azerbaijani government.